There are several classes of oral medications that are used as non-insulin therapies for diabetes. These include sulfonylureas, metformin, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
Sulfonylureas work by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin. Common sulfonylureas include glipizide, glyburide and glimepiride. Sulfonylureas are well-established diabetes drugs but can cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), especially when combined with exercise or other medications that lower blood glucose.
Metformin is usually the first-line medication recommended for treatment of type 2 diabetes. It works by reducing glucose production by the liver and improving the body’s sensitivity to insulin. Metformin is weight neutral and has a low risk of hypoglycemia. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, bloating or abdominal pain which often improve over time.
Thiazolidinediones such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone work by improving the body's response to insulin. Non-Insulin Therapies is decrease blood glucose levels and reduce beta cell loss. However, they are associated with weight gain and an increased risk of heart failure. Due to this risk, rosiglitazone is no longer commonly prescribed.
DPP-4 inhibitors work by increasing levels of incretin hormones like GLP-1. Incretins are gut hormones that signal the pancreas to produce more insulin after a meal. Popular DPP-4 inhibitors include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin and alogliptin. They are typically well tolerated with a low risk of hypoglycemia.
GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic the effects of naturally occurring GLP-1. They work by stimulating insulin release, suppressing glucagon secretion and slowing gastric emptying. Drugs such as liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide and exenatide are injectable versions of GLP-1 agonists used to treat diabetes. They often lead to weight loss.
SGLT2 inhibitors work by increasing urinary glucose excretion, thereby lowering blood glucose levels independent of insulin. Commonly used SGLT2 inhibitors are canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin. They are associated with weight loss, reduced blood pressure and may also offer cardiovascular benefits. Genital infections are a potential side effect.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose work by delaying the digestion of carbohydrates. They reduce the rise in blood glucose levels after meals. Side effects may include flatulence, diarrhea and abdominal discomfort.
Herbal Medicines and Supplements
While their effectiveness is still being researched, certain herbal medicines and supplements have shown promise as complementary therapies for diabetes management.
Cinnamon has been shown to lower fasting blood glucose levels comparable to medications in some studies. The active compounds are water-soluble polyphenols called catechins. The effective dose is typically 250-1,000mg per day of aqueous cinnamon extract.
Fenugreek seeds contain fiber and compounds that may mimic insulin's effects. They are said to mildly reduce blood glucose and lipid levels. One study found a daily dose of 10 grams of fenugreek fiber for three months lowered HbA1c by 0.5%.
Gymnema sylvestre leaves contain compounds called gymnemic acids that are thought to regenerate pancreatic cells and stimulate insulin production. One analysis found Gymnema supplementation for 12 weeks decreased fasting blood glucose by 18 mg/dL on average.
Bitter melon or bitter gourd grows widely in tropical regions and contains biologically active compounds called charantin and polypeptide-p. It is thought to lower blood sugar by stimulating insulin release from the pancreas. Studies using bitter melon supplements have shown reductions in HbA1c of 0.3-1%.
Chromium is an essential mineral that enhances the action of insulin. People with diabetes are often deficient in chromium. Supplementing with 200-1000mcg of chromium picolinate or nicotinate per day may modestly improve blood sugar control in some studies. However, other research found no benefit.
Other commonly used supplements include alpha lipoic acid, garlic, banaba leaves, fenugreek, turmeric and oregano oil which have all demonstrated antihyperglycemic effects to varying degrees. However, more research is still needed to establish clinical efficacy and safety for long-term use.
Preventing Complications and Staying Healthy
While medications and supplements can help manage diabetes, lifestyle modifications are also essential for prevention of complications and overall health. Eating a whole foods diet rich in fiber, lean protein, healthy fats and low glycemic fruits and vegetables can support blood sugar control and weight management. Staying physically active through activities like walking, swimming or dancing provides significant benefits. Managing stress through yoga, meditation or relaxation techniques also positively impacts blood glucose levels. Maintaining optimal blood pressure and cholesterol levels further reduces risk of kidney disease, heart attack or stroke associated with diabetes. Regular eye, foot and dental exams allow early detection of any issues. With combined medical therapy and healthy lifestyle changes, people with diabetes can effectively control their condition and live long, active lives.
Get More Insights On Non-Insulin Therapies for Diabetes
Get this Report in Japanese Language
Get this Reports in Korean Language
About Author:
Alice Mutum is a seasoned senior content editor at Coherent Market Insights, leveraging extensive expertise gained from her previous role as a content writer. With seven years in content development, Alice masterfully employs SEO best practices and cutting-edge digital marketing strategies to craft high-ranking, impactful content. As an editor, she meticulously ensures flawless grammar and punctuation, precise data accuracy, and perfect alignment with audience needs in every research report. Alice's dedication to excellence and her strategic approach to content make her an invaluable asset in the world of market insights.
(LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/alice-mutum-3b247b137 )
copyright src="chrome-extension://fpjppnhnpnknbenelmbnidjbolhandnf/content_script_web_accessible/ecp_aggressive.js" type="text/javascript">